Monday, August 24, 2020

How To Detail Your Car Essay -- essays research papers

The most effective method to effectively detail your vehicle. At the point when you purchase another vehicle it comes to you flawless, washed, cleaned, and dressed. Sooner or later the brilliant sparkle of amorall starts to blur and that showroom sparkle is no longer at show room condition. French fries start to accumulate, straw coverings show up, the ever-present espresso stain on the covering and even creature hair gathers all which obliterates the spotless appearance of your valued car. While possessing another vehicle you have to realize how to restore that lovely completion. The primary thing you should realize when specifying a vehicle is the significance of washing and cleaning the vehicles outside, at that point comes the shocking inside, after that is the nitty gritty cleaning that represents the moment of truth the vehicles appearance. First you should pick an ideal day to detail your vehicle, the climate must be reasonable the sun ought to be hindered by the intermittent cloud or two and for your solace it ought to be somewhat warm out. Pull the vehicle up to a concealed territory near a long nursery with water strain to save. Ensure the windows are shut, and afterward start to pre-flush the vehicle to get any effectively evacuated soil off of the vehicle, not doing this will bring about scratching of the paint when washing with cleanser. Second you should later up a pleasant container of vehicle wash and with a hitched hair glove completely scour every last bit of the vehicles paint and windows. On the off chance that a portion of the earth or cru shed bugs from quick parkway travel get some detergent white vehicle cleaner and with a bug cushion apply the cleaner straightforwardly to...

Saturday, August 22, 2020

Science Report About Education Process Essay Example for Free

Science Report About Education Process Essay There is one certainty, and that will be that youngsters are interested about everything, and a decent method of advancing this is by allowing them to discover and investigate new things in their day by day lives and in the study hall. So it is basic for them to look for answers and take care of issues. I think that its intriguing how kids are so obvious and legit about all that they do, for instance, when they are searching for something in explicit, they get connected with it and urge themselves to continue looking until they find the solutions. Things being what they are, on the off chance that they do this in their every day lives, why not mattering this in their learning premise? Kids need to work with solid exercises, so it is simpler for them to persuade themselves and create information in the point. On the off chance that we need our understudies to have an inspirational disposition in every action they create during class, at that point as an instructor we should have it too. As an instructor, we must be locked in with science, and we don’t should be a scholar to work with it, we simply need to make explore about the points, the materials utilized in class, what is suitable to use in the homeroom, and that kind of things. So as an educator, it’s okay being untidy, anyway we should be sorted out consistently. Something that I truly caught about the perusing is the significance of letting youngsters learn with every movement by utilizing their faculties. I think the utilization of faculties is most likely the most ideal approach to give a very much expounded work. For example, letting them smell new common scents, finger-play with various materials or by planting blossoms or various vegetables, by taking a gander at pictures and perceiving every component, and furthermore by tasting perhaps a vegetable (the educator needs to do look into about it), yet at the same time giving them the chance of exploring different avenues regarding every action, and working solidly. Decent variety is the way to working in and with science, so it is vital and fundamental to carry science to the study hall to connect every understudy in finding and building new thoughts.

Friday, July 24, 2020

Switching from Trello to MeisterTask Tips and User Experiences - Focus

Switching from Trello to MeisterTask â€" Tips and User Experiences - Focus Are you thinking of switching from Trello to MeisterTask but are still a little concerned about the effort and time it might take?  In this article we’ll walk you through the process of importing your projects step by step, and we’ll also show you how other teams have fared with their decision to make the switch. Why Switch? Comparing Trello with MeisterTask If your team relies on a collaborative task management tool to manage work on a daily basis, then the prospect of switching to another tool can be downright scary. After all, your task manager is likely one of the most essential items in your tool box. It’s where all your ideas, open tasks and work-related files are stored, and it’s also where your team members come together to discuss issues and solve problems. But for those same reasons it’s also vital that your task manager is really the right fit for your team and your individual workflow. The right tool can make your team more productive and save you valuable time with every task. The wrong tool can make your work day unnecessarily complicated, cause frustration among team members, and slow down work like a ball and chain. While Trello and MeisterTask are very similar in a number of ways, there are many reasons why teams of all sizes are making the switch. Here are the 4 reasons we hear most often: 1) Automations MeisterTask lets you automate recurring steps in your workflow and thus helps your team work more consistently and efficiently. You can set up one or multiple automations for each section in your project board, saving you time and unnecessary clicks with every task. What I loved about MeisterTask right away are its automations. The ability to automate processes, rather than just visualizing them, is a huge plus compared to Trello.Axel Fischer, FiSCHER Akkumulatorentechnik Want to learn more about FiSCHERs experiences with Trello and MeisterTask? Watch the recording  or our webinar with FiSCHER CEO Axel Fischer (held in German) now! 2) Integrations MeisterTask can be connected with more than 1,000 apps via Zapier  and offers powerful native integrations with many of your favorite tools, such as Slack, Microsoft Teams, Zendesk and GitHub. Most importantly, though, it integrates seamlessly with its brother app MindMeister, allowing you to go from brainstorming to execution in a matter of seconds. As we went through the restructure last year, MindMeister and MeisterTask played a significant role in making the transition. We brainstormed project ideas and developed these into strategic mind maps, then saw these plans through with MeisterTask.Adriana Ramirez, Grupo JHR 3) Intuitive User Interface At Meister, we believe that beautiful products make for a better user experience and ultimately lead to happier, more productive users. For countless people, our strong focus on design and intuitiveness has been reason enough to switch from tools such as Trello and MindManager to MeisterTask and MindMeister. 4) Trust MeisterTask is the product of a German company and runs on the German instance of the Google Cloud Platform. This means that its servers are located in Frankfurt and user data saved in MeisterTask is never sent across the Atlantic. With ever increasing concerns about data security, more and more businesses particularly those based within the EU are switching to solutions they know they can trust. Data security is a very important topic for us, and at Trello we just didn’t feel safe. The fact that our data was stored on some unknown server in the US worried us, so we looked for a different solution. That’s when we found MeisterTask.Axel Fischer, FiSCHER Akkumulatorentechnik Of course, there are also other reasons why teams opt for MeisterTask. We’ve heard from many users that MeisterTask’s practical dashboard  with its Focus widget really did it for them, or that the integrated time tracking was a deciding factor. Whatever your motivation for moving from Trello to MeisterTask, once you’ve made the decision, you’re already halfway there. Switching from Trello to MeisterTask Switching from Trello to MeisterTask is as simple and straightforward as it gets, but in case you need a little help, here’s a step-by-step tutorial on how to do it: Step 1: Create your MeisterTask account.  Visit www.meistertask.com and sign up with your email address or connect with a 3rd party service such as Google or Microsoft Office 365. Step 2: Create your Pro or Business team.  Once you’ve created your personal account, visit the pricing page and select the right plan for you. During the upgrade process, you will be able to select the number of licenses you want to purchase. Want a custom quote? Get in touch with our dedicated sales team instead. Step 3: Invite your team members.  Visit the My Team page in the My Account area to invite colleagues to join your new MeisterTask team. You can invite people via email or share an invite link with them. Step 4: Import your data from Trello.  Select the Trello import option on MeisterTask’s dashboard. In the import dialog, select all Trello boards you want to import. If your team members have signed up to MeisterTask with the same email addresses they were using in Trello, then tasks will automatically be assigned to the right person. If a person’s email address has changed, you will be asked in the dialog to match the old Trello user with the correct MeisterTask user. The following information will be imported and readily available in your new MeisterTask account: Boards (projects), including their respective lists (sections) Cards (tasks), including their correct assignees, labels (tags), descriptions, checklist items, due dates and attachments. I moved all of my @trello projects to @meistertask and not a single tag, comment or item is missing. color me impressed. â€" Adrian Kosmaczewski (@akosma) January 9, 2017 Please note: To ensure a clear distribution of responsibilities, MeisterTask doesn’t allow tasks to be assigned to more than one person at a time. Cards with multiple assignees will thus be assigned to the first person who owned the card in Trello. That’s it! Once the import is finished, both you and your team can pick up exactly where you left off. We think you’ll find that creating and managing tasks is so intuitive that no training is required, but if you do need some help getting started, there are dozens of videos for you to watch as well as free introductory webinars you can attend. As soon as you’ve got the hang of the basics, be sure to bring your productivity to the next level by setting up automations and connecting MeisterTask with other tools you’re already using! Still not convinced? Read more  feedback from users whove moved from Trello to MeisterTask to see how theyve fared! @meistertask awesome tool! Making the transition from Trello. So far, smooth! â€" Gabe Noboa (@_GabeNoboa) April 28, 2017 See also: How to Get Your Team on Board with MeisterTask Switching from Asana to MeisterTask? Find out how here. Wunderlist not the tool for you anymore? Find out how you can import all your existing lists and tasks to MeisterTask here. Switching from Trello to MeisterTask â€" Tips and User Experiences - Focus Are you thinking of switching from Trello to MeisterTask but are still a little concerned about the effort and time it might take?  In this article we’ll walk you through the process of importing your projects step by step, and we’ll also show you how other teams have fared with their decision to make the switch. Why Switch? Comparing Trello with MeisterTask If your team relies on a collaborative task management tool to manage work on a daily basis, then the prospect of switching to another tool can be downright scary. After all, your task manager is likely one of the most essential items in your tool box. It’s where all your ideas, open tasks and work-related files are stored, and it’s also where your team members come together to discuss issues and solve problems. But for those same reasons it’s also vital that your task manager is really the right fit for your team and your individual workflow. The right tool can make your team more productive and save you valuable time with every task. The wrong tool can make your work day unnecessarily complicated, cause frustration among team members, and slow down work like a ball and chain. While Trello and MeisterTask are very similar in a number of ways, there are many reasons why teams of all sizes are making the switch. Here are the 4 reasons we hear most often: 1) Automations MeisterTask lets you automate recurring steps in your workflow and thus helps your team work more consistently and efficiently. You can set up one or multiple automations for each section in your project board, saving you time and unnecessary clicks with every task. What I loved about MeisterTask right away are its automations. The ability to automate processes, rather than just visualizing them, is a huge plus compared to Trello.Axel Fischer, FiSCHER Akkumulatorentechnik Want to learn more about FiSCHERs experiences with Trello and MeisterTask? Watch the recording  or our webinar with FiSCHER CEO Axel Fischer (held in German) now! 2) Integrations MeisterTask can be connected with more than 1,000 apps via Zapier  and offers powerful native integrations with many of your favorite tools, such as Slack, Microsoft Teams, Zendesk and GitHub. Most importantly, though, it integrates seamlessly with its brother app MindMeister, allowing you to go from brainstorming to execution in a matter of seconds. As we went through the restructure last year, MindMeister and MeisterTask played a significant role in making the transition. We brainstormed project ideas and developed these into strategic mind maps, then saw these plans through with MeisterTask.Adriana Ramirez, Grupo JHR 3) Intuitive User Interface At Meister, we believe that beautiful products make for a better user experience and ultimately lead to happier, more productive users. For countless people, our strong focus on design and intuitiveness has been reason enough to switch from tools such as Trello and MindManager to MeisterTask and MindMeister. 4) Trust MeisterTask is the product of a German company and runs on the German instance of the Google Cloud Platform. This means that its servers are located in Frankfurt and user data saved in MeisterTask is never sent across the Atlantic. With ever increasing concerns about data security, more and more businesses particularly those based within the EU are switching to solutions they know they can trust. Data security is a very important topic for us, and at Trello we just didn’t feel safe. The fact that our data was stored on some unknown server in the US worried us, so we looked for a different solution. That’s when we found MeisterTask.Axel Fischer, FiSCHER Akkumulatorentechnik Of course, there are also other reasons why teams opt for MeisterTask. We’ve heard from many users that MeisterTask’s practical dashboard  with its Focus widget really did it for them, or that the integrated time tracking was a deciding factor. Whatever your motivation for moving from Trello to MeisterTask, once you’ve made the decision, you’re already halfway there. Switching from Trello to MeisterTask Switching from Trello to MeisterTask is as simple and straightforward as it gets, but in case you need a little help, here’s a step-by-step tutorial on how to do it: Step 1: Create your MeisterTask account.  Visit www.meistertask.com and sign up with your email address or connect with a 3rd party service such as Google or Microsoft Office 365. Step 2: Create your Pro or Business team.  Once you’ve created your personal account, visit the pricing page and select the right plan for you. During the upgrade process, you will be able to select the number of licenses you want to purchase. Want a custom quote? Get in touch with our dedicated sales team instead. Step 3: Invite your team members.  Visit the My Team page in the My Account area to invite colleagues to join your new MeisterTask team. You can invite people via email or share an invite link with them. Step 4: Import your data from Trello.  Select the Trello import option on MeisterTask’s dashboard. In the import dialog, select all Trello boards you want to import. If your team members have signed up to MeisterTask with the same email addresses they were using in Trello, then tasks will automatically be assigned to the right person. If a person’s email address has changed, you will be asked in the dialog to match the old Trello user with the correct MeisterTask user. The following information will be imported and readily available in your new MeisterTask account: Boards (projects), including their respective lists (sections) Cards (tasks), including their correct assignees, labels (tags), descriptions, checklist items, due dates and attachments. I moved all of my @trello projects to @meistertask and not a single tag, comment or item is missing. color me impressed. â€" Adrian Kosmaczewski (@akosma) January 9, 2017 Please note: To ensure a clear distribution of responsibilities, MeisterTask doesn’t allow tasks to be assigned to more than one person at a time. Cards with multiple assignees will thus be assigned to the first person who owned the card in Trello. That’s it! Once the import is finished, both you and your team can pick up exactly where you left off. We think you’ll find that creating and managing tasks is so intuitive that no training is required, but if you do need some help getting started, there are dozens of videos for you to watch as well as free introductory webinars you can attend. As soon as you’ve got the hang of the basics, be sure to bring your productivity to the next level by setting up automations and connecting MeisterTask with other tools you’re already using! Still not convinced? Read more  feedback from users whove moved from Trello to MeisterTask to see how theyve fared! @meistertask awesome tool! Making the transition from Trello. So far, smooth! â€" Gabe Noboa (@_GabeNoboa) April 28, 2017 See also: How to Get Your Team on Board with MeisterTask Switching from Asana to MeisterTask? Find out how here. Wunderlist not the tool for you anymore? Find out how you can import all your existing lists and tasks to MeisterTask here.

Friday, May 22, 2020

The Financial Crisis Of America - 1007 Words

Introduction In the end of the year 2007 onwards to the beginning of 2008, America experienced the financial crisis. This was something that took place in America and went on to affect the world at large. The financial crisis threatened to collapse the large financial institutions were in the country as a result of lack of funds. The global financial crisis, as it is known, lead to several problems including in the real estate industry where housing became a problem and it lead to evictions from properties as well as foreclosure of many different buildings both industrial and office property. According to Bernanke, (2013), it also led to a lot of unemployment in many industries which was not for a shot time but a prolonged period of time. This led to the levels of unemployment in the country increasing. It led to failure of key businesses in different sectors of the economy and this only made the effects to be felt harder on the consumers and ultimately reduced the consumer’s wealth in all the sectors. This also led to a liquidity crisis that affected most financial institutions. The main issue however was what exactly led to such a big problem that could affect many of the big developed countries and the businesses that they run. Events Preceding the Financial Crisis The events that led to the financial crisis had begun some seven years before in the year 2001. This was the year when the country almost went to a recession period. The main reason was that the shares ofShow MoreRelatedImpact Of The Financial Crisis On America1436 Words   |  6 PagesCDO impact of the Financial crisis Since 2003,  there are  economists warned  America   s real estate bubble will  burst  a year,  although  this prediction  has not  fulfilled,however,  the occurrence of  happen sooner or later.  In 2007  August,America  sub-prime mortgage crisis  broke out suddenly,  not only the real estate  bubble has finally burst,  America  also fell into the  since twentieth Century 30  the Great Depression of  the most serious financial crisis. From the short  term,  American  economy  is dynamicRead MoreBank Of America s Financial Crisis1744 Words   |  7 PagesBank of America in the 2008 Financial Crisis – An Even Bigger Financial Giant Suffered Losses and Lawsuits from Risky Behavior Summary of Bank of America in the Financial Crisis As one of the largest banking holding companies, Bank of America has taken a significant role during the whole process of the financial crisis. Compared with financial institutions whose business focused on specific fields, like investment banks or mortgage companies, Bank of Along got involved in activitiesRead MoreImpact of the Asian Financial Crisis in 1997 and Effect to Latin America1875 Words   |  8 PagesImpact of the Asian Financial Crisis in 1997 and effect to Latin America Name: Institution: Date: Abstract In 1997, the Asian Financial Crisis spread rapidly all over the Asia and affected almost all the economies in the world. Prior to the Asian Financial Crisis, the Asian countries such as Thailand, Malaysia, South Korea, Indonesia, Hong Kong and Singapore experienced a remarkable growth in the economy that was considered the highest in the world. These Asian economies increased by a notableRead MoreFinancial fraud has been present since before the Industrial Revolution, many cases making a long900 Words   |  4 PagesFinancial fraud has been present since before the Industrial Revolution, many cases making a long lasting impact throughout history (Pearson, T. A., Singleton, T. W. 2008). The 2008 financial crisis was carried out with a significant amount of pressure throughout many industries, results including fraudulent activities. Back of America was brought to the forefront of the financial crisis when mortgaged backed securities collapsed. The US Government sued Bank of America in connection to defraudingRead MoreThe Collapse of Bank of America: Causes, Effects, and Analysis1121 Words   |  4 PagesThe Collapse of Bank of America: The largest banking institution in the United States, Bank of America, has been characterized with numerous controversies in the recent past. While the institution only got bigger since the financial crisis and government intervention through bailouts, Bank of America headed towards collapse. In 2011, Bank of America experienced several protests of its branches by various groups like National Peoples Action, US Uncut and other progressive activists (Jaffe par,Read MoreTesting A Series Of 2 Simples T Tests1115 Words   |  5 Pagesimpacts by the 2008 crisis on North America life insurers’ performances, then we checked the direction, positive or negative, of each significant mean difference on indicators to determine if the crisis improved or deteriorated the industry’s financial performances in specific parameters. In Test B our research adopted Najjar Petrov (2011) and Ahmed, Ahmed, and Ahmed (2010) simple multiple linear regressions analysis to figure out any changes on significant influences on North America life insurers’Read MoreRecession Turmoil Caused By U.s. Subprime Mortgage Crisis874 Words   |  4 PagesSubprime Mortgage Crisis had eventually evolved to global financial crisis. The financial crisis that has engulfed the world is really a disaster, leading to precipitous shrinkage of human wealth and instantaneous evaporation of long-time efforts by financial institutions. But why did such financial crisis take place? Who should be blamed? As far as I concern, Federal Reserve deserves the greatest blame, as its ultra-loose monetary policy created housing bubble, sowing the seeds of crisis. And its subsequentRead MoreWhat Is Economic Crisis?1474 Words   |  6 Pagesrepercussions of the economic crisis are not going to disappear in the short What is economic crisis? * An economic crisis is A situation in which the economy of a country or countries experiences a sudden downturn brought on by a financial crisis. A financial crisis is a situation when money demand quickly rises relative to money supply. Until a few decades ago, a financial crisis was equivalent to a banking crisis. Today it may also take the form of a currency crisis. Many economists have comeRead MoreFinancial Crisis : The Fiscal Crisis1355 Words   |  6 Pagesgeneral, a financial crisis is not an accident; it may take several years and has complex and interlaced causes (Claessens and Kodres, 2014). The 2007-08 global financial crisis is a typical case due to long-term non-intervention policy and loose regulation for financial market from government. Moreover, it involved the complex relationship between government and financial institutions. In order to look at this issue in particular, this essay first goes though the timeline of the 2007-08 financial crisisRead MoreThe Glo bal Financial Crisis Of 2008-10 And Its Impact On The Financial Health Of The Institutions999 Words   |  4 Pages The Global financial crisis has been described as the worst financial crisis after the Great Depression of the 1930’s. This was a Financial Crisis and affected terribly the banks of the United States of America. The banks during this time had low capital base and suffered from a serious liquidity crunch. Leveraging was very common at this time. This increased financial instability of the banks called for major changes in the financial regulations by the government. This essay will discuss the

Thursday, May 7, 2020

Walt Disney A Famous Creator Of Disneyland - 1483 Words

According to the International Association of Amusement Parks and Attractions (IAAPA), there are over 400 amusement parks in the United States and approximately 2000 parks in the world (â€Å"Amusement†). Of all theme parks, worldwide Disney theme parks record top three highest attendance in 2014: Walt Disney World in Bay Lake, Florida with 19.33 million guests, Tokyo Disneyland in Japan with 17.3 million guests, and Disneyland Park in Anaheim, California with 16.77 million visitors (â€Å"Attendance†). In recent, Disney is one of the most popular parks and has a broad fan base with the age range from kids to teenagers to adults. Since all people have various cultures and interests, it is difficult to make everyone be interested in one same thing. Walt Disney, however, were able to do so; how he would succeed in attracting all people around the world and influencing the global culture and today’s society. Walt Disney is known as a famous creator of Disneyland and succeeded his career; however, he went through many hardships in his life. Walt was born as the fourth child on December 5, 1901, in Chicago. His parents, Elias and Flora Disney, ran the building trade, and the houses they built had a good reputation since it was easy to live in. Disney family were well-off; however, Walt’s grandfather failed to run a business and his whole family had moved to a quiet town, Marceline, Missouri. Walt was five years old that time. Because Marceline was a place full of nature, Walt was absorbedShow MoreRelatedA Report On Google Doodle850 Words   |  4 Pagescorresponding to the date of the celebration, contributions, birthdays, remembrance, and holidays. A famous doodle being shown was a remembrance of the scene of the Loch Ness Monster. The 81st Anniversary of the Loch Ness Monster s most famous photograph doodle remembers the photograph Colonel Robert Wilson took that changed history forever on n April 21, 1934. The 81st Anniversary of the Loch Ness Monster s most famous photograph doodle is shown through google s view of the Loch Ness monster. The originalRead MoreControversies with the Walt Dinsey Company1471 Words   |  6 Pagesis, their mind most likely automatically thinks of one word- Disney. Once they think of that there is an array of movies to choose from. The Walt Disney Company has been making its place in this world for almost one hundred years. Over the decades Disney has become a household name whether it be through their blockbuster movies, television channel, books, products, resorts, cruise line or their world famous theme parks. The Walt Disney Company has spread its ideas and products of imagination throughoutRead MoreWalt Disney Biography Essay1172 Words   |  5 Pagesimagine a world without Walt Disney. A world without his magic, whimsy, and optimism..†(Brad A.) Well all know Walt Disney as the creator of Mickey Mouse and the man who made the first Disney movie s and cartoons famous. Walt Disney did so much more than just make Mickey Mouse. He touched hearts and made a positive impact on so many people’s lives. He also made Disney famous around the world. Today there is Disney themed parks in Hong Kong, Paris, and Tokyo. Along with the famous Disney Land in CaliforniaRead MoreDisney : A Dreaming Nonconformist1353 Words   |  6 PagesDisney: A Dreaming Nonconformist Society has a rule book, it lists how we should act and think and be. Some people decide to disregard the rule book and write their own. These people are daring, different, and sometimes even seen as impractical but often they leave a lasting impact on our lives. I know of many people who fit this description, but none more influential on our lives today than Walt Disney. Walt Disney was a producer of motion-pictures and television shows. He was a showman and isRead MoreHow Disney Magic And The Corporate Media Shape Youth Identity Essay1733 Words   |  7 PagesAiden Impact of Disney Introduction: http://whmc.umsystem.edu/historicmissourians/name/d/disney/ Product Launch: http://cs231n.stanford.edu/reports2016/265_Report.pdf Brand culture: https://www.uwlax.edu/urc/jur-online/PDF/2004/francoeur.pdf Culture effect: http://www.truth-out.org/opinion/item/2808:how-disney-magic-and-the-corporate-media-shape-youth-identity-in-the-digital-age Frozen example: http://www.forbes.com/sites/natalierobehmed/2015/07/28/the-frozen-effect-when-disneys-movie-merchandising-is-too-much/#61ba13235f08Read MoreWhy Do Dreams Come True?1712 Words   |  7 Pagescan spit out the answer is seconds. Disneyworld and Disneyland are some of the most â€Å"magical† places to be, at least that is what is said by many throughout the United States. Everyone knows the name â€Å"Disney†, but where does it come from? Who was the intelligent and imaginative person who had the desire and heart to create this entertainment empire? The man was Walt Disney. Through a long road of rewrites, rejections, and reconstructions, Disney created a new look for the entertainment in AmericaRead MoreWalt Disney : An American Motion Picture1226 Words   |  5 PagesWalter Elias Disney, also known as Walt Disney, was an American motion-picture and television producer, famous as the creator of cartoon films and Disneyland. His relentless aspiration and determination dro ve Walt Disney to pour in each ounce of innovativeness into his work. In my opinion, Walt Disney was important because of his creation of Disneyland in order to have an educational as well as amusement value and to entertain adults and their children and his influence on American culture throughRead MoreWalt Disney s Life For His Dreams1396 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"A world without Disneyland? It would feel so empty† (Channel, Screen 1). Well we can thank Walt Disney for discovering Disneyland and all the other magical things he created. Walt Disney is the creator of Mickey Mouse and the other famous cartoons produced by Walt Disney Studios. Walt Disney devoted his life to making others smile without giving up after all the setbacks throughout his life and company. It’s important to know the history of the man and his partners who was all behind the makingRead MoreWalt Disney: American Dream Achiever Essay857 Words   |  4 PagesWalt Disney—American Dream Ac hiever Dream come true, profound influence, persistent efforts, and the success after the setback; those elements compose the definition of the American Dream. Walt Disney undoubtedly was a successful American Dream achiever. He and his brother co-founded Walt Disney Productions, which became one of the best-known motion-picture production companies in the world. He created Mickey Mouse who turned into one of the most famous cartoon characters in animation history(â€Å"WaltRead MoreWalt Disney : The Disney1647 Words   |  7 PagesWhy Walt Disney is known Walt Disney innovations include the first cartoons with synchronized sound, the first full-length animated feature film and, of course, the theme park. â€Å"Walt Disney was an American motion-picture and television producer and showman, famous as a pioneer of cartoon films and as the creator of Disneyland. Walter Elias Walt Disney was born on December 5, 1901, in Hermosa, Illinois. He and his brother Roy co-founded Walt Disney Productions, which became one of the best-known

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Sociology Ch Notes Free Essays

Are a Result of the collection and analysis of data from a variety of sources such as: Interviews Observations Surveys They are models that allow us to generalize and make predictions Students Need To Be Objective When Studying Sociology Do not be subjective We all have a belief system that can be a problem when studying sociology Remove the â€Å"I† Social Control = the social mechanisms that regulate people’s actions – Studied through 3 paradigms: Functionalism Conflict Theory Symbolic Interactions A paradigm is a theoretical framework through which scientists study the world. Founders of the Discipline of Sociology Functionalists: Augusta Comet (1798-1859) – Wanted to build better societies Recognized 2 equal yet opposing forces in society: Social Static (Tries to keep things the same) Social Dynamics (force for change conflict) Founders Continued:- Herbert Spencer-social Darwinism Emilee Druthers (1858-1917) First social researcher to carry out an Investigation using a large scale collection of data wanted sociology to be more scientific Ideas and values are the driving force structure could influence human behavior Social Solidarity = The bonds that unite society – Shared beliefs These are important for society to operate harmoniously Collective Conscience = A group’s common values, goals, outlook, interpretation of events identical ways of thinking in smaller societies Solidarity = how connected people feel to others in the environment Mechanical Solidarity = Pre-longitudinal Organic Solidarity = Social ties based upon a functi onal interdependence of the members of society (we are all dependent upon other, people we do not even know, for our everyday necessities) This is less personal than with mechanical solidarity hen everyone knew each other, what to do, how to behave, and their place in the scheme of things. A lack of solidarity can lead to Egoistic Suicide -few social connections and isolation Alarmists Suicide – Exceptionally high level of solidarity places the soup’s interests as superior to the individual’s. We will write a custom essay sample on Sociology Ch Notes or any similar topic only for you Order Now Fatalistic = Too much social control and Anomic = rapid change, usually economic. Division of Labor = A unifying force Tailcoat Parsons – One of the most influential Functionalists Robert Morton – – Manifest Consequences = the intended consequences of an action, Latent Consequence = unintended consequence of an action, Dysfunctional Consequence = when an action weakens social bonds (a negative societal effect) Conflict Theorists: Karl Marx (1818-1883) – Extreme influence on world politics Focused upon discord and exploitation in society Social change, social institutions and social values are dictated by economic forces Bourgeoisie- Owners of the means of production Proletariat – Sold their labor Capitalism- Bourgeoisie seek to maximize profits exploit workers Alienation – Workers removed from creativity and achievement, leads to despair False Consciousness Historical Materialism Harriet Martinets (1802-1876) – Little recognized – Focused upon Industrialization Capitalism, class, race gender inequalities W. E. B. Du Bois (1868-1063) – First African American to receive Ph. D. From Harvard. Studied dual heritage advocated the eradication of prejudice and discrimination Jane Adams (1860-1935) – Hul l House – Poverty results from ignorance and structural barriers, not from failings in the morality of a person. John Bellary Foster – The negative effects of capitalism on society and the planet as a whole. C. Wright Mills – Social Conflict (Marxist) Sociological Imagination† = A way of thinking that gives you an understanding of the societal forces that shape your life- how society influences the outcome George Herbert Mead (186-1931)- Founder of Symbolic Internationalism, interested in colonization George Simmer (1858-1918) Interaction amongst people is influenced by size of group Herbert Blamer – Human beings behave toward things on the basis of the meanings they ascribe to those things – Contagion = a rapid, irrational mode in which people don’t think rationally or clearly = in a group setting. People ‘lose their heads’ and react eke acting Howard Becker – Labeling Theory – Human action is related to the labels attached to it. A label is attached to a certain behavior when a group with powerful social status labels it deviant. Deviance is rooted in the reactions and responses of others to an individual’s acts. Max Webe r (1864-1920) Began as Karl Marx, social class influences our outcomes, but thought that Mar’s two class system was too simple. Wealth is important, but so are political power and social status. Discussed the emerging Bureaucracies and Rationality . The Protestant Ethic led to or influenced the rise in Capitalism. The accumulation of wealth is a sign of God’s favor. Stressed that the study of sociology should be value free with no personal bias Emerging Paradigms Feminist Theory Gendered and interdisciplinary Exchange Theory Our social experiences consist of a series of rewards and costs. People want to maximize their rewards and minimize their costs which leads to their choice of social action Environmental Theory How do societies adjust to ecological changes (Beasts of The Southern Wild movie). Humans are Just one type of organism sharing the ecological space with animals. How to cite Sociology Ch Notes, Papers

Monday, April 27, 2020

Things about me Essays - , Term Papers, Research Papers

Things about me Favorite Drink: Lemon Lime Gatorade Favorite Food: Amish Potato Salad (I know, I'm weird) Favorite Fruit: Mangos Favorite Veggie: Avocados Favorite Candy: Almond Joys Favorite Ice Cream: Pumpkin Pie Favorite Coffee Shop: Tim Hortons Favorite Drug: C ocaine, just kidding caffeine Favorite Color: Green Favorite Board Game: Monopoly Favorite Number: 7 Favorite Dinosaur: Raptor Favorite Day: Friday Favorite Song: How Would You F eel - Ed Sheeran Favorite Tv Show: The Arrow Favorite Movie: Don't have one! Favorite Genre of Movie: Horror Best Trait: Politeness What I am: Polish, German and Irish Favorite Cologne: Bod Man Most Wanted (The cologne I use) Favorite Dog Breed: Pitbull's Favorite Pet: Walter my Dog Favorite Animal: Bear Favorite Band: The Lumineers Favorite Actress: Scarlett Johansson Dream Job: Owner of Architecture Business Dream Vacation: R oad T rip to E very State in America Favorite State: Florida Favorite Weather: Sunny but B reezy (65F) Favorite Actor: Jim Carry Favorite Hol iday: Thanksgiving (because I'm fat lol) Favorite Season: Fall Favorite question you've answered so far : "If I was a tube of toothpaste, what kind would I be?" Favorite Sports Teams: Football: Bills Baseball: Yankees Hockey: Sabers Lacrosse: Bandits Soccer: Deutscher FuSsball-Bund- ( DFB ) (Germany) Worst Habit: Biting my Nails and Swearing Biggest Fear: Being Lonely My Job: Drafting Engineer at McGard LLC. My School: Erie Community College (South) My Major: Computer Aided Draft/Design Favorite Meme/Gif: Girl, you're as thick as a bowl of oatmeal (as you know) Corky Things A bout M e , you Wouldn't Know I take off my shoes when I drive Clothes I wear must match or go together Will never wear white socks Prefer to be on the left side of anything ( because I'm left handed) Will not use a mechanical pencil, there stupid Always got to know what I'm doing throughout the day in advance Won't leave the car until a good song is over Will never call Pop, Soda! (You Weirdo!) Things I Love Music (All kinds) Running Hiking Food/Eating Sleeping / Napping Being with my Friends Sports Animals Photography Things I Hate Broken Promises Waking up BATS !!!!! Animal Abuse Texting and Driving Hypocrites Home Work Math Not being Clean Getting Sun B urned Arguing on Pointless Things Top Five Favorite Places With You My Family Gym Outside/Running in Nature The Mall Favorite People Girl: Of course, you! Guy: My man, Ed Sheeran Supernatural: God

Thursday, March 19, 2020

Armor In The Middle Ages

Armor In The Middle Ages In the middle ages armor was important to all knights. The very first knights were protected by haubeks that were made out of chain mail. Over the chain mail they wore a surcoat. The surcoat was used to keep the knight from getting too hot in the sun. It also displayed the coat of arms. This type of armor was mostly used in the 1100's.Then during the 1300's knights started using plate armor. Plate armor was a silvery steel made into different shapes for the different parts of the body. The armor did not cover the neck, back of legs and arms so the wore chain mail in those places. Chain mail was also worn on the feet like shoes.By the 1400's knights wore complete body plate armor that weighed 40 to 55 pounds. Even with how much it weighed and the fact that it was steel it was actually very flexible.English: Close up of antique Mughal riveted mail a...The armor may have been able to stop a sword blow or a bash from a mace but was no match to a well aimed crossbow bolt or a long bow sha ft aimed at the right place. Plate armor was used until the development of rifles and cannons after which the armor was rendered useless.

Tuesday, March 3, 2020

Glenn T. Seaborg Biography

Glenn T. Seaborg Biography Glenn Seaborg was a scientist who discovered several elements and won a Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Seaborg was one of the great pioneers of nuclear chemistry in the United States. He was responsible for the actinide concept of heavy element electronic structure. He is credited as co-discoverer of  plutonium and other elements up to element 102. One interesting bit of trivia about Glenn Seaborg is that he may have achieved what the alchemists could not: turn lead into gold! Some reports indicate the scientist transmuted lead into gold (by way of bismuth) in 1980.   Seaborg was born on  April 19,  1912  in Ishpeming, Michigan, and died on February 25,  1999  in  Layfayette, California at age 86.   Seaborgs Notable Awards 1951 Nobel Prize for Chemistry with Edwin McMillan for research with transuranic elements.Between 1946 and 1958, his team added ten new elements to the periodic table.Appointed chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission (1961-1971). President of American Chemical Society in 1976.Element 106 was renamed  seaborgium  in his honor. There was controversy over the element name, as it was issued while Seaborg was still alive.Co-author of approximately 500 scientific articles and many books.Seaborg held over 40 patents, including the only patents ever granted for making chemical elements (curium and americium). Early Nuclear Chemistry and New Element Group - Actinides In February 1941, Seaborg with Edwin McMillan produced and chemically identified the existence of  plutonium. He joined the Manhattan Project later that year and started work on the investigation of transuranium elements and better ways to extract plutonium from uranium. After the end of the war, Seaborg moved back to Berkeley where he came up with the idea of the  actinide  group, to position higher numbered elements in the periodic table of the elements. Over the next twelve years, his group discovered elements 97-102. The actinide group is a set of transition metals with properties similar to each other. The modern periodic table places the lanthanides (another subset of transition metals) and actinides below the body of the periodic table, yet in line with the transition metals. Cold War Applications of Nuclear Materials Seaborg was appointed chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission in 1961 and held the position for the next ten years, serving three presidents. He used this position to champion the peaceful use of atomic materials such as for medical diagnosis and treatments, carbon dating, and nuclear power. He was also involved in the Limited Nuclear Test Ban Treaty and the Non-Proliferation Treaty. Glenn Seaborg Quotes The Lawrence Berkeley Lab recorded several of Seaborgs most famous quotes. Here are some favorites: In a quote regarding education, which was printed in the New York Times: The education of young people in science is at least as important, maybe more so, than the research itself. In a comment about the discovery of the element plutonium (1941): I was a 28-year-old kid and I didnt stop to ruminate about it, he told the Associated Press in a 1947 interview. I didnt think, My God, weve changed the history of the world! On being a graduate student at Berkeley (1934) and competing with other students: Surrounded by dazzlingly bright students, I was uncertain I could make the grade. But taking heart in Edisons dictum that genius is 99 per cent perspiration, I discovered a pedestrian secret of success. I could work harder than most of them. Additional Biographical Data Full Name: Glenn Theodore Seaborg Field of Expertise: Nuclear Chemistry Nationality: United States High School: Jordan High School in Los Angeles Alma Mater: UCLA and University of California, Berkeley

Saturday, February 15, 2020

History Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

History - Research Paper Example Nonetheless, the civil rights movement comprised various African-Americans, who led in the struggle for racial equality, since the blacks in America were entitled to less privileges compared to the whites. This essay focuses on the civil rights movement from WWII until 1968, this therefore, is the period between 1938-1968, with special attention on major events, which indicate struggle for racial equality by African-Americans, and whether they won or lost in their different struggles for equality. Although the Civil Rights Movement is associated with the African Americans only, this was important for both African Americans and the whites. After the civil war, which was detrimental to America, the country was left with many national issues to address in order to ensure stability of the nation and its people. It was during this period, after the civil war, which is also called the reconstruction period that major civil rights movement were experienced. During this era, America had a co nsiderable number of its population comprising African Americans. These were former slaves, who upon being freed, needed to find land, build homes, settle down, and live a free life, like any other white person. Therefore, the American governments had a responsibility of addressing the needs of the former slaves in order to ensure there entry back into the society, as free people. However, when the government failed to address the issues of the African Americans in a fair way, these would rise up and demand for fair treatment and fair legislation, which did not deny them of the privileges the whites were entitled to. Therefore, this continued struggle for racial equality is what gave birth to the modern civil rights movement. Before the WWII, the American government, starting the late 19th Century, had used the legislation to enable the integration of African Americans back in the society as free people. Although the government based its decisions and legislation on the doctrine of â€Å"separate but equal,† there were vast elements of racial discrimination, as the African Americans were not free to share public space or enjoy the privileges of same legislation with the whites. Public places and amenities such as restaurants, schools, bus and railroad stages, among others, were separated between the whites and African Americans. Facilities belonging to African Americans were of poor quality, and inferior, compared to those of whites. This was one of the situations, which would result in the civil rights movement. In 1938, one major incidence that showed struggle for equal rights was experienced in one of the Southern states. In these states, there was a high level of inequality of the African Americans, compared to other states. Southern states did not allow for the admission of African Americans in institutions of higher learning, but referred them to institutions of higher learning in the northern states. However, in 1938, one African American student , who was denied admission to the University of Missouri Law School, filed a case in court, since he wanted Law in this particular university, as others did not offer law. Nonetheless, the courts ruled that the student be admitted in the university. This is one of the incidences, which portray the struggle of African Americans to gain equal opportunities with the whites in America. During the WWII, African Americans

Sunday, February 2, 2020

GCC Economics and OPEC Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

GCC Economics and OPEC - Research Paper Example The common market agreement among the GCC countries took effect from 1 January 2008. The members of Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) is an association of developing countries, which include Venezuela, United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Nigeria, Libya, Kuwait, Iraq, Iran, Ecuador, Angola and Algeria. OPEC was formed to help market oil and stabilize oil prices in the world. United Arab Emirates United Arab Emirates whose capital city is Abu Dhabi, Dubai covers an area of 82,880 Km2 and the land is predominantly desert with few pockets of agricultural areas. It is a member of OPEC. The country has an opened and highly developed economy, which is among the fastest growing in the world. The rate of inflation in United Arab Emirates is low and was 0.9 percent and 1.6 percent in 2010 and 2009 respectively. To boost trade, a free trade zone for manufacturing and distribution purposes. Presence of a deep-water port has also promoted international trade. The rate of interest charged by commercial banks was also lower at 6.2 percent and 5.9 percent in 2010 and 2009 respectively. Figure 1: GDP growth rate There was a sharp decline in the real GDP growth from 3.2 percent in 2008 to -3.2 in 2009. Sharp decline is attributed to the global financial turmoil. However, there was a strong growth in real GDP growth rate to 5.3 percent in 2010 due to recovering economy and increasing oil prices. OPEC Quotas in United Arab Emirates is 2.3 million barrels daily but its capacity is 2.8 million barrels daily. According to CIA (2011), United Arab Emirates’ reserves are estimated to be 97.8 billion barrels. Non- oil sectors include agriculture that produce dried fish, dates, watermelons, vegetables, eggs, poultry and dairy products (Department of State 2011). Non-oil sector covers tourism and international finance. United Arab Emirates produces cement, aluminum, fertilizers, boat building, commercial ship repair, textiles and handicrafts. Major trade pa rtners include Japan, India, China, United States, Germany, Iran, South Korea and Thailand Saudi Arabia Kingdom of Saudi Arabia whose capital is Riyadh also referred to as Saudi Arabia covers an area of 2,149,690 km2 with arid climate. It is a member of OPEC. It has a command economy, where government controls major economic activities and depends heavily on oil exports. The GDP of Saudi Arabia was $623 billion in 2010. Inflation rate is slightly lower at 5.4 percent and 5.1 percent in 2010 and 2009 respectively. The unemployment rate in Saudi Arabia was 10.8 percent, 10.5 percent and 9.8 percent in 2010, 2009 and 2008 respectively. High unemployment rates are among the highest rates in the gulf region. Commercial bank interest rates were 7.3 percent and 7.2 percent in 2010 and 2009 respectively. The country’s proven oil reserves are 262.6 billion barrels (Sfakianakis 2011). Saudi Arabia has the largest oil reserves with and is the world top oil exporter. Oil generates 75 per cent of the total budget revenues and comprises about 90 percent of total exports. Increase in oil prices caused by increasing demand has improved the economy of Saudi Arabia. The current quota for Saudi Arabia as set by OPEC is 9.4 million barrels daily. However, the country can produce up to 10.52 millions barrels daily. The non-oil sector real GDP growth r

Saturday, January 25, 2020

The Debate Over Internet Censorship Essay -- Television Media TV Censo

The Debate Over Internet Censorship Many people believe the Internet has become the World’s Emancipation Proclamation. They believe that this newfound cyber-freedom will free countless generations of people. These people will be of every race, creed and color, whose lives, up until now, have been restrained by the paradigm of governments. Whether it is the United States Government, or the government of a foreign nation, the Internet will be our new Underground Railroad of cyberspace.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Recently, the World Wide Web has come under fire from various forms of censorship. Singapore has been a giant of aggressiveness in regard to censorship and technology. But even with Singapore’s relentless efforts for control of the World Wide Web, the public still seeks to stay informed on every issue that concerns mankind. â€Å"As a new technology the Internet defies censorship because of characteristics such as information explosion, de-massification, convergence, computer culture, and globalization† (Kolko 424).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   But is this newfound freedom man’s salvation, or the Plagues of Egypt? â€Å"Almost anything is allowed on the Internet as long as it does not violate the laws of the country in which the originator resides. But even if the law of the land is broken, it is nearly impossible to enforce criminal laws out of that country’s borders† (Kolko 426). As we move from our â€Å"own little world† of existence to a limitless arena of information in cyber space, at what cost does this newfound freedom come?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   All countries, like most everything else, have evolved to their ideas, beliefs and laws, primarily based on uncontrollable circumstances. Massive mistakes, holocausts of Biblical proportions, financi... ...ce and above all— warranty (10 years or 100,000 miles—5 years or 60,000 miles, bumper to bumper). Now that is competition!   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In conclusion, it is my belief that there is a bright future for Singapore and every other country that allows the freedom of choice for their people. After all it is the people that make a nation, not the governing-few. The governing-few work for us, we do not work for them. And in reality, that is not only true for countries, but states, cities, companies, and industries.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It is my hope that Singapore will continue to prosper (at least until my warranty runs out), and that all of us can learn to agree to disagree about censorship on the Internet. We may not like what we see or hear, but we should hold in highest regard the rights of everyone to be allowed the privilege to decide for their self.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  

Friday, January 17, 2020

Gendered Media

Article 7 Gendered Media: The Influence of Media on Views of Gender Julia T. Wood Department of Communication, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill times more often than ones about women (â€Å"Study Reports Sex Bias,† 1989), media misrepresent actual proportions of men and women in the population. This constant distortion tempts us to believe that there really are more men than women and, further, that men are the cultural standard. THEMES IN MEDIA Of the many influences on how we view men and women, media are the most pervasive and one of the most powerful.Woven throughout our daily lives, media insinuate their messages into our consciousness at every turn. All forms of media communicate images of the sexes, many of which perpetuate unrealistic, stereotypical, and limiting perceptions. Three themes describe how media represent gender. First, women are underrepresented, which falsely implies that men are the cultural standard and women are unimportant or invisible. Sec ond, men and women are portrayed in stereotypical ways that reflect and sustain socially endorsed views of gender.Third, depictions of relationships between men and women emphasize traditional roles and normalize violence against women. We will consider each of these themes in this section. Underrepresentation of Women A primary way in which media distort reality is in underrepresenting women. Whether it is prime-time television, in which there are three times as many white men as women (Basow, 1992 p. 159), or children’s programming, in which males outnumber females by two to one, or newscasts, in which women make up 16% of newscasters and in which stories about men are included 10 MEDIA’S MISREPRESENTATION OF AMERICAN LIFEThe media present a distorted version of cultural life in our country. According to media portrayals: White males make up two-thirds of the population. The women are less in number, perhaps because fewer than 10% live beyond 35. Those who do, like t heir younger and male counterparts, are nearly all white and heterosexual. In addition to being young, the majority of women are beautiful, very thin, passive, and primarily concerned with relationships and getting rings out of collars and commodes. There are a few bad, bitchy women, and they are not so pretty, not so subordinate, and not so caring as the good women.Most of the bad ones work outside of the home, which is probably why they are hardened and undesirable. The more powerful, ambitious men occupy themselves with important business deals, exciting adventures, and rescuing dependent females, whom they often then assault sexually. From Gendered Lives: Communication, Gender, and Culture by Julie T. Wood, Chapter 9, pp. 231-244. 0 1994. Reprinted with permission of Wadsworth Publishing, a division of Thomson Learning. Fax 800-730-2215. 31 T LI Y IIYC~ WI I H MEDIA Other myths about what is standard are similarly fortified by communication in media.Minorities are even less visi ble than women, with African-Americans appearing only rarely (Gray, 1986; Stroman, 1989) and other ethnic minorities being virtually nonexistent. In children’s programming when African-Americans do appear, almost invariably they appear in supporting roles rather than as main characters (O’Connor, 1989). While more African-Americans are appearing in prime-time television, they are too often cast in stereotypical roles. In the 1992 season, for instance, 12 of the 74 series on commercial networks included large African-American casts, yet most featured them in stereotypical roles.Black men are presented as lazy and unable to handle authority as lecherous, and/or as unlawful, while females are portrayed as domineering or as sex objects (â€Å"Sights Sounds, and Stereotypes,† 1992). Writing in 1993, David Evans (1993, p. 10) criticized television for stereotyping black males as athletes and entertainers. These roles wrote Evans, mislead young black male viewers in& t hinking success â€Å"is only a dribble or dance step away† and blind them to other, more realistic ambitions. &panics and Asians are nearly absent, and when they are presented it is usually as villains or criminals (Lichter, Lichter, Rothman, & Amundson, 1987). Also under-represented is the single fastest growing we are aging so that people over 60 make up a major part of our population; within this group, women significantly outnumber men (Wood, 1993~). Older people not only are under-represented in media but also are represented inaccurately In contrast to demographic realities, media consistently show fewer older women than men, presumably because our culture worships youth and beauty in women.Further, elderly individuals are frequently portrayed as sick, dependent, fumbling and passive, images not borne out in real life. Distirted depictions of older people and especially older women in media, however, can delude us into thinking they are a small, sickly, and unimportant part of our population. group of Americans- older people. As a country, Stereotypical Portrayals of Women and Men In general, media continue to present both women and men in stereotyped ways that limit our perceptions of human possibilities.Typically men are portrayed as active, adventurous, powerful, sexually aggressive and largely uninvolved in human relationships. Just as’ consistent with cultural views of gender are depictions of women as sex objects who are usually young, thin beautiful, passive, dependent, and often incompetent and dumb. Female characters devote their primary energies to improving their appearances and taking care of homes and people. Because media pervade our lives, the ways they misrepresent genders may distort how we see ourselves and what we perceive as normal and desirable for men and women.Stereotypical portrayals of men. According to J. A. Doyle (1989, p. ill), whose research focuses on masculinity children’s television typically shows ma les as â€Å"aggressive, dominant, and engaged in exciting activities from which they receive rewards from others for their ‘masculine’ accomplishments. † Relatedly, recent studies reveal that the majority of men on prime-time television are independent, aggressive, and in charge (McCauley Thangavelu, & Rozin, 1988). Television programming foi all ages disproportionately depicts men as serious confident, competent, owerful, and in high-status ‘positions. Gentleness in men, which was briefly evident in the 197Os, has receded as established male characters are redrawn to be more tough and distanced from others (Bayer, 1986). Highly popular films such as LethaI Weapon, Predator, Days of Thunder, Total Recall, Robocop Die Hard, and Die Harder star men who embody the The lack of women in the media is paralleled by the scarcity of women in charge of media. Only about 5% of television writers, executives, and producers are women (Lichter, Lichter, & Rothman, 1986) .Ironically, while twothirds of journalism graduates are women, they make up less than 2% of those in corporate management of newspapers and only about 5% of newspaper publishers (â€Å"Women in Media,† 1988). Female film directors are even rnonz-scarce, as are executives in charge of MTV It is probably not coincidental that so few women are behind the scenes of an industry that so consistently portrays women negatively Some media analysts (Mills 1988) believe that if more women had positions o; authority at executive levels, media would offer more positive portrayals of women. tereotype of extreme masculinity Media, then reinforce long-standing cultural ideals of masculinity:’ Men are presented as hard, tough, independent, sexually aggressive, unafraid, violent, totally in control of all emotions, and-above all-in no way feminine. Equally interesting is how males are not presented. J. D. Brown and K. Campbell (1986) report that men are seldom shown doing housework. Do yle (1989) notes that boys and men are rarely presented caring for others. B.Horovitz (1989) points out they are typically represented as uninterested in and incompetent at homemaking, cooking, and child care. Each season’s new ads for cooking and cleaning supplies include several that caricature men as incompetent buffoons, who are klutzes in the kitchen and no better at taking care of children. While children’s books have made a limited attempt to depict women engaged in activities outside of the home there has been little parallel effort to show men involbed in family and home life. When someone is shown taking care of a child , ‘t is usually the mother, not the father. ’ This perpetuates a negative stereotype of men as uncaring and uninvolved in family life. Stereotypical portrayals of women. Media’s images of women also reflect cultural stereotypes that depart markedly from reality As we have already seen, girls and 7. Gendered Media JILL I rem ember when I was little I used to read books from the boys’ section of the library because they were more interesting. Boys did the fun stuff and the exciting things. My mother kept trying to get me to read girls’ books, but I just couldn’t get into them.Why can’t stories about girls be full of adventure and bravery? I know when I’m a mother, I want any daughters of mine to understand that excitement isn’t just for boys. women are dramatically underrepresented. In prime- time television in 1987, fully two-thirds of the speaking parts were for men. Women are portrayed as significantly younger and thinner than women in the population as a whole, and most are depicted as passive, dependent on men, and enmeshed in relationships or housework (Davis, 1990). The requirements of youth and eauty in women even influence news shows, where female newscasters are expected to be younger, more physically attractive, and less outspoken than males (Craft, 19 88; Sanders & Rock, 1988). Despite educators’ criticism of self-fulfilling prophecies that discourage girls from success in math and science, that stereotype was dramatically reiterated in 1992 when Mattel offered a new talking Barbie doll. What did she say? â€Å"Math class is tough,† a message that reinforces the stereotype that women cannot do math (â€Å"Mattel Offers Trade-In,† 1992).From children’s programming in which the few existing female characters typically spend their time watching males do things (Feldman & Brown, 1984; Woodman, 1991), to MTV, which routinely pictures women satisfying men’s sexual fantasies (Pareles, 1990; Texier, 1990), media reiterate the cultural image of women as dependent, ornamental objects whose primary functions are to look good, please men, and stay quietly on the periphery of life. Media have created two images of women: good women and bad ones. These polar opposites are often juxtaposed against each other t o dramatize differences in the consequences that befall good and bad women.Good women are pretty, deferential, and focused on home, family and caring for others. Subordinate to men, they are usually cast as victims, angels, martyrs, and loyal wives and helpmates. Occasionally, women who depart from traditional roles are portrayed positively, but this is done either by making their career lives invisible, as with Claire Huxtable, or by softening and feminizing working women to make them more consistent with traditional views of fernininity For instance, in the original script, Cagney and Lacey were conceived as strong, mature, independent women who took their work seriously and did it well.It took 6 years for writers Barbara Corday and Barbara Avedon to sell the script to CBS, and even then they had to agree to subdue Cagney’s and Lacey’s abilities to placate producer Barney Rosenzweig, who complained, â€Å"These women aren’t soft enough. These women arenâ€⠄¢t feminine enough† (Faludi, 1991, p. 150). While female viewers wrote thousands of letters praising the show, male executives at CBS continued to force writers to make the characters softer, more tender, and less sure of themselves (Faludi, 1991, p. 152).The remaking of Cagney and Lacey illustrates the media’s bias in favor of women who are traditionally feminine and who are not too able, too powerful, or too confident. The rule seems to be that a woman may be strong and successful if and only if she also exemplifies traditional stereotypes of femininity-subservience, passivity, beauty, and an identity linked to one or more men. The other image of women the media offer us is the evil sister of the good homebody Versions of this image are the witch, bitch, whore, or nonwoman, who is represented as hard, cold, aggressive-all of the things a good woman is not supposed to be.Exemplifying the evil woman is Alex in Fatal Attraction, which grossed more than $100 million in i ts first four months (Faludi, 1991, p. 113). Yet Alex was only an extreme version of how bad women are generally portrayed. In children’s literature, we encounter witches and mean stepmothers as villains, with beautiful and passive females like Snow White and Sleeping Beauty as their good counterparts. Prime-time television favorably portrays pretQ nurturing, other-focused women, such as Claire Huxtable on â€Å"The Cosby Show,† whose career as an attorney never entered storylines as much as her engagement in family matters.Hope in â€Å"Thirtysomething† is an angel, committed to husband Michael and daughter Janey. In the biographies written for each of the characters when the show was in development, all male characters were defined in terms of their career goals, beliefs, and activities. Hope’s biography consisted of one line: â€Å"Hope is married to Michael† (Faludi, 1991, p. 162). Hope epitomizes the traditional woman, so much so in fact that in one episode she refers to herself as June Cleaver and calls Michael â€Å"Ward,† thus reprising the traditional family of the 1950s as personified in â€Å"Leave It to Beaver† (Faludi, 1991, p. 61). Meanwhile, prime-time typically represents ambitious, independent women as lonely, embittered spinsters who are counterpoints to â€Å"good† women. Stereotypical Images of Relationships Between Men and Women Given media’s stereotypical portrayals of women and men, we shouldn’t be surprised to find that relationships between women and men are similarly depicted in ways that reinforce stereotypes. Four themes demonstrate how media reflect and promote traditional arrangements between the sexes. Women’s dependence/men’s independence.Walt Disney’s award-winning animated film The Little Mermaid vividly embodies females’ dependence on males for identity. In this feature film, the mermaid quite literally 33 1 +3 LIVING WITH MEDIA I PAUL I wouldn’t say this around anyone, but personally I’d be glad if the media let up a little on us guys. I watch those guys in films and on TV, and I just feel inadequate. I mean, I’m healthy and I look okay, and I’ll probably make a decent salary when I graduate. But I am no stud; I can’t beat up three guys at once women don’t fall dead at my feet; I doubt I’ll make i million bucks; and I don’t have muscles that ripple.Every time I go to a film, I leave feeling like a wimp. How can any of us guys measure up to what’s on the screen? I gives up her identity as a mermaid in order to become acceptable to her human lover. In this children’s story, we see a particularly obvious illustration of the asymmetrical relationship between women and men that is more subtly conveyed in other media productions. Even the Smurfs, formless little beings who have no obvious sex, reflect the male-female, dominant-submissive roles .The female smurf, unlike her male companions who have names, is called only Smurfette, making her sole identity a diminutive relation to male smurfs. The male dominance/female subservience pattern that permeates mediated representations of relationships is no accident. Beginning in 1991, television executives deliberately and consciously adopted a policy of having dominant male characters in all Saturday morning children’s programming (Carter, 1991). Women, as well as minorities, are cast in support roles rather than leading ones in both children’s shows and the commercials interspersed within them (O’Connor 1989).Analyses of MTV revealed that it portrays females as passive and waiting for men’s attention, while males are shown ignoring, exploiting or directing women (Brown, Campbell, & Fisher, 1986). In rap music videos, where African-American men and women star men dominate women, whose primary role is as objects of male desires (Pareles, 1990; Texier, 1990). News programs that have male and female hosts routinely cast the female as deferential to her male colleague (Craft, 1988; Sanders & Rock, 1988). Commercials, too, manifest power cues that echo the male dominance/female subservience pattern.For instance, men are usually shown positioned above women, and women are more frequently pictured in varying degrees of undress (Masse & Rosenblum 1988; N&o, Hill, Gelbein, & Clark, 1988). Such nonverl bal cues represent women as vulnerable and more submissive while men stay in control. In a brief departure from this pattern, films and television beginning in the 1970s responded to the second wave of feminism by showing women who were independent without being hard, embittered, or without close relationships. Films such as Alice Doesn’t Live Here Anymore, Up the Sandbox, The Turning Point, Diary of a Mad 34Housewife, and An Unmarried Woman offered realistic portraits of women who sought and found their awn voices independent of me n. Judy Davis’s film, My BriZZiant Career, particularly embodied this focus by telling the story of a woman who chooses work over marriage. During this period, television followed suit, offering viewers prime-time fare such as â€Å"Maude† and â€Å"The Mary Tyler Moore Show,† which starred women who were able and achieving in their own rights. â€Å"One Day at a Time rr which premiered in 1974, was the first prime-time program about a divorced woman.By the 198Os, however, traditionally gendered arrangements resurged as the backlash movement against feminism was embraced by media (Haskell, 1988; Maslin 1990). Thus, film fare in the 1980s included Pretfy Woman’ the story of a prostitute who becomes a good woman when she is saved from her evil ways by a rigidly stereotypical man, complete with millions to prove his success Meanwhile, Tie Me Up, Tie Me Down trivialized abuse of women and underlined women’s dependence on men with a story of a woman wh o is bound by a man and colludes in sustaining her bondage.Crossing Delancey showed successful careerist Amy Irving talked into believing she needs a man to be complete, a theme reprised by Cher in Moonstruck. Television, too, cooperated in returning women to their traditional roles with characters like Hope in â€Å"Thirtysomething† who minded house and baby as an ultratraditional wife, and even Murphy Brown found her career wasn’t enough and had a baby Against her protests, Cybill Shepherd, who played Maddie in â€Å"Moonlighting† was forced to marry briefly on screen which Susan Faludi (1991, p. 57) refers to as part of a â€Å"campaign to cow this independent female figure. † Popular music added its voice with hit songs like â€Å"Having My Baby,† which glorified a woman who defined herself by motherhood and her relationship to a man. The point is not that having babies or committing to relationships is JOANNE I’d like to know who dreams up those commercials that show men as unable to boil water or run a vacuum. I’d like to tell them they’re creating monsters. My boyfriend and I agreed to split all chores equally when we moved in together. Ha! Fat chance of that. He does zilch.When I get on his case, he reminds me of what happened when the father on some show had to take over housework and practically demolished the kitchen. Then he grins and says, â€Å"Now, you wouldn’t want that, would you? † Or worse yet, he throws up Hope or one of the other women on W, and asks me why I can’t be as sweet and supportive as she is. It’s like the junk on television gives him blanket license for doing nothing. 7. Gendered Medi wrong; rather, it is that media virtually require this of women in order to present them positively Media define a very narrow range for womanhood.Joining the campaign to restore traditional dominantsubordinate patterns of male-female relationships were magazines, w hich reinvigorated their focus on women’s role as the helpmate and supporter of husbands and families (Peirce, 1990). In 1988, that staple of Americana Good Housekeeping, did its part to revive women’s tradi: tional roles with a full-page ad (â€Å"The Best in the House n 1988) for its new demographic edition marketed to’ â€Å"the new traditionalist woman. A month later, the magazine followed this up with a second full-page ad in national newspapers that saluted the â€Å"new traditionalist woman m with this copy (â€Å"The New Traditionalist,† 1988): â€Å"She his made her commitment. Her mission: create a more meaningful life for herself and her family She is the New Traditionalist-a contemporary woman who finds her fulfillment in traditional values. † The long-standing dominant-submissive model for male-female relationships was largely restored in the 1980s. With only rare exceptions, women are still portrayed as dependent on men and subserv ient to them.As B. Lott (1989, p. 64) points out, it is women who â€Å"do the laundry and are secretaries to men who own companies. † Men’s authority/women’s incompetence. A second recurrent theme in media representations of relationships is that men are the competent authorities who save women from their incompetence. Children’s literature vividly implements this motif by casting females as helpless and males as coming to their rescue. Sleeping Beauty’s resurrection depends on Prince Charming’s kiss, a theme that appears in the increasingly popular gothic romance novels for adults (Modleski, 1982).One of the most pervasive ways in which media define males as authorities is in commercials. Women are routinely shown anguishing over dirty floors and bathroom fixtures only to be relieved of their distress when Mr. Clean shows up to tell them how to keep their homes spotless. Even when commercials are aimed at women selling products intended fo r them, up to 90% of the tim: a man’s voice is used to explain the value of what is being sold (Basow, 1992, p. 161; Bretl & Cantor 1988). using male voice-overs reinforces the cultural v&w that men are authorities and women depend on men to tell them what to do.Television further communicates the message that men are authorities and women are not. One means of doing this is sheer numbers. As we have seen, men vastly outnumber women in television programming. In addition, the dominance of men as news anchors who inform us of happenings in the world underlines their authority (â€Å"Study Reports Sex Bias,† 1989). Prime-time television contributes to this image by showing women who need to be rescued by men and by presenting women as incompetent more than twice as often as men (Bayer, 1986; Lichter et al. , 1986).Consider the characters in â€Å"The Jetsons,† an animate, television series set in the future. Daughter Judy Jetso is constantly complaining and waitin g for others to he1 her, using ploys of helplessness and flattery to win men’ attention. The Rescuers, a popular animated video of the 199Os, features Miss Bianca (whose voice is that of Zs: Zsa Gabon fittingly enough), who splits her time evenl) between being in trouble and being grateful to mah characters for rescuing her. These stereotypical repre sentations of males and females reinforce a number o; harmful beliefs.They suggest, first, that men are more competent than women. Compounding this is the message that a woman’s power lies in her looks and conventional femininity since that is how females from Sleeping Beauty to Judy Jetson get males to assist them with their dilemmas (McCauley Thangavelu, & Rozin 1988). Third, these stereotypes underline the requiremen; that men must perform, succeed, and conquer in order to be worthy Women as primary caregiverslmen as breadwinners. A third perennial theme in media is that women are caregivers and men are providers.Since the backlash of the 198Os, in fact, this gendered arrangement has been promulgated with renewed vigor. Once again, as in the 195Os, we see women devoting themselves to getting rings off of collars, gray out of their hair, and meats on the table. Corresponding to this is the restatement of men’s inability in domestic and nurturing roles. Horovitz (1989), for instance, reports that in commercials men are regularly the butt of jokes for their ignorance about nutrition, child care, and housework When media portray women who work outside of the home, their career lives typicallyFreceive little or no attention.Although these characters have titles such as lawyer or doctor, they are shown predominantly in their roles as homemakers, mothers, and wives. We see them involved in caring conversations with family and friends and doing things for others, all of which never seem to conflict with their professional responsibilities. This has the potential to cultivate unrealistic expectation s of being Isuperwoman,† who does it all without her getting a hair out of place or being late to a conference. Magazines play a key role in promoting pleasing others as a primary focus of women’s lives. K.Peirce’s (1990) study found that magazines aimed at women stress looking good and doing things to please others. Thus, advertising tells women how to be â€Å"me, only better† by dyeing their hair to look younger; how to lose weight so â€Å"you’ll still be attractive to him†; and how to prepare gourmet meals so â€Å"he’s always glad to come home. † Constantly these advertisements emphasize pleasing others, especially men, as central to being a woman, and the message is fortified with the thinly veiled warning that if a woman fails to look good and please, her man might leave (Rakow, 1992).There is a second, less known way in which advertisements contribute to stereotypes of women as focused 1 + LIVING WITH MEDIA on others an d men as focused on work. Writing in 1990, Gloria Steinem, editor of Ms. , revealed that advertisers control some to most of the content in magazines. In exchange for placing an ad, a company receives â€Å"complimentary copy† which is one or more articles that increase the market appeal of its product.So a soup company that takes out an ad might be given a three-page story on how to prepare meals using that brand of soup; likewise, an ad for hair coloring products might be accompanied by interviews with famous women who choose to dye their hair. Thus, the message of advertisers is multiplied by magazine content, which readers often mistakenly assume is ,independent of advertising. Advertisers support media, and they exert a powerful influence on what is presented. To understand the prevalence of traditional gender roles in programming, magazine copy, and other media, we need only ask what is in the best interests of advertisers.They want to sponsor shows that create or expan d markets for their products. Media images of women as sex objects, devoted homemakers, and mothers buttress the very roles in which the majority of consuming takes place. To live up to these images, women have to buy cosmetics and other personal care products, diet aids, food, household cleaners, utensils and appliances, clothes and toys for children, and so on. In short, it is in advertisers’ interests to support programming and copy that feature women in traditional roles.In a recent analysis, Lana Rakow (1992) demonstrated that much advertising is oppressive to women and is very difficult to resist, even when one is a committed feminist. Women’s role in the home and men’s role outside of it are reinforced by newspapers and news programming. Both emphasize men’s independent activities and, in fact, define news almost entirely as stories about and by men (â€Å"Study Reports Sex Bias,† 1989). Stories about men focus on work and/or their achieveme nts (Luebke, 1989), reiterating the cultural message that men are supposed to do, perform.Meanwhile the few stories about women almost invariably focus on their roles as wives, mothers, and homemakers (â€Å"Study Reports Sex Bias,† 1989). Even stories about women who are in the news because of achievements and professional activities typically dwell on marriage, family life, and other aspects of women’s traditional role (Foreit et al. , 1980). Women as victims and sex objectslmen as aggressors. A final theme in mediated representations of relationships between women and men is representation of women as subject to men’s sexual desires.The irony of this representation is that the very qualities women are encouraged to develop (beauty, sexiness, passivity, and powerlessness) in order to meet cultural ideals of femininity contribute to their victimization. Also, the qualities that men are urged to exemplify (aggressiveness, dominance, sexuality, and strength) are identical to those linked to abuse of women. It is no coincidence that all but one of the women nominated for Best Actress in the 36 1988 Academy Awards played a victim (Faludi, 1991, p. 138). Women are portrayed alternatively either as decorative objects, who must attract a man o be valuable, or as victims of men’s sexual impulses. Either way, women are defined by their bodies and how men treat them. Their independent identities and endeavors are irrelevant to how they are represented in media, and their abilities to resist exploitation by others are obscured. This theme, which was somewhat toned down during the 197Os, returned with vigor in the 1980s as the backlash permeated media. According to S. A. Basow (1992, p. 160), since 1987 there has been a â€Å"resurgence of male prominence, pretty female sidekicks, female homemakers. † Advertising in magazines also communicates the message that women are sexual objects.While men are seldom pictured nude or even partially unclothed, women habitually are. Advertisements for makeup, colognes, hair products, and clothes often show women attracting men because they got the right products and made themselves irresistible. Stars on prime-time and films, who are beautiful and dangerously thin, perpetuate the idea that women must literally starve themselves to death to win men’s interest (Silverstein et al. , 1986). Perhaps the most glaring examples of portrayals of women as sex objects and men as sexual aggressors occur in music videos as shown on MTV and many other stations.Typically, females are shown dancing provocatively in scant and/or revealing clothing as they try to gain men’s attention (Texier, 1990). Frequently, men are seen coercing women into sexual activities and/or physically abusing them. Violence against women is also condoned in many recent films. R. Warshaw (1991) reported that cinematic presentations of rapes, especially acquaintance rapes, are not presented as power-motiva ted violations of women but rather as strictly sexual encounters.Similarly, others (Cowan, Lee, Levy, & Snyder, 1988; Cowan & O’Brien, 1990) have found that male dominance and sexual exploitation of women are themes in virtually all R-and X-rated films, which almost anyone may now rent for home viewing. These media images carry to extremes long-standing cultural views of masculinity as aggressive and femininity as passive. They also make violence seem sexy (D. Russell, 1993). In so doing, they recreate these limited and limiting perceptions in the thinking of another generation of women and men. In sum, we have identified basic stereotypes and relationships between the two.IndividualIy and in combination these images sustain and reinforce socially constructed views of the genders, views that have restricted both men and women and that appear to legitimize destructive behaviors ranging from anorexia to battering. Later in this chapter, we will probe more closely how media vers ions of gender are linked to problems such as these. . . . 7. Gendered Media pathologizing the Human Body One of the most damaging consequences of media’s images of women and men is that these images encourage us to perceive normal bodies and normal physical functions as problems.It’s understandable to wish we weighed a little more or less, had better developed muscles, and never had pimples or cramps. What is neither reasonable nor healthy, however, is to regard healthy, functional bodies as abnormal and unacceptable. Yet this is precisely the negative self-image cultivated by media portrayals of women and men. Because sex sells products (Muro, 1989), sexual and erotic images are the single most prominent characteristic of advertising (Courtney & Whipple, 1983).Further, advertising is increasingly objectifying men, which probably accounts for the rise in men’s weight training and cosmetic surgery Media, and especially advertising, are equal opportunity dehumani zers of both sexes. Not only do media induce us to think we should measure up to artificial standards, but they encourage us to see normal bodies and bodily functions as pathologies. A good example is the media’s construction of premenstrual syndrome (PMS). Historically, PMS has not been a problem, but recently it has been declared a disease (Richmond-Abbott, 1992).In fact, a good deal of research (Parlee, 1973, 1987) indicates that PMS affected very few women in earlier eras. After the war, when women were no longer needed in the work force, opinion changed and the term premenstrual tension was coined (Greene & Dalton, 1953) and used to define women as inferior employees. In 1964, only one article on PMS appeared; in 1988-1989, a total of 425 were published (Tavris, 1992, p. 140). Drug companies funded research and publicity since selling PMS meant selling their remedies for the newly created problem.Behind the hoopla, however, there was and is little evidence to support the currently widespread belief that PMS is a serious problem for a significant portion of the female population. Facts aside, the myth has caught on, carrying in its wake many women and men who now perceive normal monthly changes as abnormal and as making women unfit for positions of leadership and authority Another consequence of defining PMS as a serious problem most women suffer is that it leads to labeling women in general as deviant and unreliable (Unger & Crawford, 1992), an image that fortifies long-held biases against women.Menopause is similiarly pathologized. Carol Tavris (1992, p. 159) notes that books describe menopause â€Å"in terms of deprivation, deficiency, loss, shedding, and sloughing† language that defines a normal process as negative. Like menstruation, menopause is represented as abnormalcy and disease, an image that probably contributes to the negative attitudes toward it in America. The cover of the May 25, 1992, Newsweek featured an abstract drawing of a tree in the shape of a woman’s head. The tree was stripped of all leaves, making it drab and barren.Across the picture was the cover-story headline â€Å"Menopause. † From first glance, menopause was represented negatively-as desolate and unfruitful. The article ‘focused primarily on the problems and losses of menopause. Only toward the end did readers find reports from anthropologists, whose cross-cultural research revealed that in many cultures menopause is not an issue or is viewed positively Women in Mayan villages and the Greek island of Evia do not understand questions about . hot flashes and depression, which are symptoms often associated with menopause in Western societies (â€Å"Menopause,† 1992, p. 7). These are not part of their experience in cultures that do not define a normal change in women as a pathology Because Western countries, especially America, stigmatize menopause and define it as â€Å"the end of womanhood,† Western women a re likely to feel distressed and unproductive about the cessation of menstruation (Greer, 1992). Advertising is very effective in convincing us that we need products to solve problems we are unaware of until some clever public relations campaign persuades us that something natural about us is really unnatural and unacceptable.Media have convinced millions of American women that what every medical source considers â€Å"normal body weight† is really abnormal and cause for severe dieting (Wolf, 1991). Similarly, gray hair, which naturally develops with age, is now something all of us, especially women, are supposed to cover up. Facial lines, which indicate a person has lived a life and accumulated experiences, can be removed so that we look younger-a prime goal in a culture that glorifies youth (Greer, 1992).Body hair is another interesting case of media’s convincing us that something normal is really abnormal. Beginning in 1915, a sustained marketing campaign informed w omen that underarm hair was unsightly and socially incorrect. (The campaign against leg hair came later. ) Harper’s Bazaar, an upscale magazine, launched the crusade against underarm hair with a photograph of a woman whose raised arms revealed clean-shaven armpits. Underneath the photograph was this caption: â€Å"Summer dress and modem dancing combine to make necessary the removal of objectionable hair† (Adams, 1991)†¦Within a few years, ads promoting removal of underarm hair appeared in most women’s magazines, and by 1922, razors and depilatories were firmly ensconced in middle America as evidenced by their inclusion in the women’s section of the Sears Roebuck catalog. Media efforts to pathologize natural physiology can be very serious. As we have seen in prior chapters, the emphasis on excessive thinness contributes to severe and potentially lethal dieting, especially in Caucasian women (Spitzack, 1993).Nonetheless, the top female models in 1993 a re skeletal, more so than in recent years (Leland & Leonard, 1993). Many women’s natural breast size exceeded the cultural ideal in the 1960s when thin, angular bodies were represented as ideal. Thus, breast reduction surgeries rose. By the 198Os, cultural standards changed 37 1 6 LIVING WITH MEDIA to define large breasts as the feminine ideal. Consequently, breast augmentation surgeries accelerated, and fully 80% of implants were for cosmetic reasons (â€Å"The. Implant Circus,† 1992).In an effort to meet the cultural standards of beautiful bodies, many women suffered unnecessary surgery, which led to disfigurement, loss of feeling, and sometimes death for women when silicone implants were later linked to fatal conditions. Implicitlp media argue that our natural state is abnormal and objectionable, a premise that is essential to sell products and advice for improving ourselves. Accepting media messages about our bodies and ourselves, however, is not inevitable: We can reflect on the messages and resist those that are inappropriate and/or harmful.We would probably all be considerably happier and healthier if we became more critical in analyzing media’s communication about how we should look, be, and act. Normalizing Violence Against Women harmful, while sexually violent materials appear to be (Donnerstein, Linz, & Penrod, 1987). Pornographic films are a big business, outnumbering other films by 3 to 1 and grossing over $365 million a year in the United States alone (Wolf, 1991). The primary themes characteristic of pornography as a genre are extremes of those in media generally: sex, violence, and domination of one person by another, usually women by men (Basow, 1992, p. 17). More than 80% of X-rated films in one study included scenes in which one or more men dominate and exploit one or more women; within these films, three-fourths portray physical aggression against women, and fully half explicitly depict rape (Cowan et al. , 1988). That these are linked to viewers’ MYTHS Myth Rape is a sexual act that resuits from sexual urges. Rapists are abnormal. AND FACTS Fact ABOUT RAPE Since we have seen that media positively portray aggression in males and passivity in females, it’s important to ask whether media messages contribute to abuse of and violence against women.There is by now fairly convincing evidence (Hansen & Hansen, 1988) that exposure to sexual violence through media is linked to greater tolerance, or even approval, of violence. For instance, I? Dieter (1989) found a strong relationship between females’ viewing of sexually violent MTV and their acceptance of sexual violence as part of â€Å"normal† relationships. He reasoned that the more they observe positive portrayals of sexual violence, the more likely women are to perceive this as natural in relationships with men and the less likely they are to object to violence or to defend themselves from it.In short, Dieter suggests that heavy exposure to media tiolence within relationships tends to normalize it, so that abuse and violence are considered natural parts of love and sex. Dieter’s study demonstrates a direct link between sexual aggression and one popular form of media, MTV. Research on pornography further corroborates connections between exposure to portrayals of violence against women and willingness to engage in or accept it in one’s own relationships (Russell, 1993). Before we discuss this research, however, we need to clarify what we will mean by the term pornography, since defining it is a matter of some controversy.Pornography is not simply sexually explicit material. To distinguish pornography from erotica, we might focus on mutual agreement and mutual benefit. If we use these criteria, pornography may be defined as materials that favorably show subordination and degradation of a person such as presenting sadistic behaviors as pleasurable, brutalizing and pain as enjoyable, and forc ed sex or abuse as positive. Erotica, on the other hand, depicts consensual sexual activities that are sought by and pleasurable to all parties involved (MacKinnon, 1987).These distinctions are important, since it has been well established that graphic sexual material itself is not 38 Rape is an aggressive act used to dominate another. Rapists have not been shown to differ from nonrapists in personality, psychology, adjustment, or involvment in interpersonal relationships. Eighty percent to 90% of rapes are committed by a person known to the victim (Allgeier, 1987). Most rapes occur between strangers. Most rapists are African-Ameri- More than three-fourths of all can men, and most victims rapes occur within races, not are Caucasian women. between races.This myth reflects racism. The way a woman dresses affects the likelihood she will be raped. The majority-up to 90%-of rapes are planned in advance and without knowledge of how the victim will dress (Scully, 1990). The majority of rap es are never reported (Koss, Cidycz, & Wisniewski, 1987). Less than 10% of rape reports are judged false, the same as for other violent crimes. The incidence of rape varies across cultures. It is highest in societies with ideologies of male dominance and a disregard for nature; it is lowest in cultures that respect women and feminine values Griffin 1981).False reports of rapes are frequent. Rape is a universal problem own tendencies to engage in sexual violence is no longer disputable. According to recent research (Demare, Briere, & Lips, 1988; Donnerstein et al. , 1987; Malamuth & Briere, 1986), viewing sexually violent material tends to in- 7. Gendered Media crease men’s beliefs in rape myths, raises the likelihood thnt men will admit they might themselves commit rape, and desensitizes men to rape, thereby making forced sex more acceptable to them.This research suggests that repeated exposure to pornography influences how men think about rape by transforming it from an unac ceptable behavior with which they do not identify into one they find acceptable and enticing. Not surprisingly, the single best predictor of rape is the circulation of pomographic materials that glorify sexual force and exploitation (Baron & Straus, 1989). This is alarming when we realize that 18 million men buy a total of 165 different pornographic magazines every month in the United States (Wolf, 1991, p. 79).It is well documented that the incidence of reported rape is rising and that an increasing number of men regard forced sex as acceptable (Brownmiller, 1993; Soeken & Danirosch, 1986). Studies of men (Allgeier, 1987; Koss & Dinero, 1988; Koss, Dinero, Seibel, & Cox, 1988; Koss Gidycz, & Wisniewski, 1987; Lisak & Roth, 1988) hav: produced shocking findings: While the majority of college men report not having raped anyone, a stunning 50% admit they have coerced, manipulated, or pressured a woman to have sex or have had sex with her after getting her drunk; 1 in 12 men at some co lleges has engaged in behaviors meeting the legal definition of rape r attempted rape; over 80% of men who admitted to acts that meet the definition of rape did not believe they had committed rape; and fully one-third of college men said they would commit rape if they believed nobody would find out. Contrary to popular belief, we also know that men who do commit rape are not psychologically abnormal. They are indistinguishable from other men in terms of psychological adjustment and health, emotional wellbeing, heterosexual relationships, and frequency of sexual experiences (Segel-Evans, 1987).The only established difference between men who are sexually violent and men who are not is that the former have â€Å"hypermasculine† attitudes and self-concepts-their approval of male dominance and sexual rights is even stronger than that of nonrapists (Allgeier, 1987; Koss & Dinero 1988. Lisak & Roth, 1988; Wood, 1993a). The difference b&ween sexually violent men and others appears to be only a matter of degree. We also know something about women who are victims of rape and other forms of sexual violence.Between 33% and 66% of all women have been sexually abused before reaching age 18 (Clutter, 1990; Koss, 1990). The majority of college women-up to 75%-say they have been coerced into some type of unwanted sex at least once (Koss, Gidycz, & Wisniewski, 1987; Poppen & Segal 1988; Warshaw, 1988). A third of women who survivi *ape contemplate suicide (Koss et al. , 1988). It is also clear that the trauma of rape is not confined to the time of its actual occurrence.The feelings that accompany rape and sexual assault-fear, a sense of degradation and shame, anger, powerlessness, and depression-endure far beyond the act itself (Brownmiller, 1975; Wood 1992b 19930. Most victims of rape continue to deal v&h the emotional aftermath of rape for the rest of their lives (Marhoefer-Dvorak, Resick, Hutter, & Girelli, 1988). What causes rape, now the fastest growing violent crim e in the United States (Doyle, 1989; Soeken & Damrosch, 1986)?According to experts (Costin & Schwartz 1987; Koss & Dinero, 1988; Koss, Gidycz, & Wisniewski’ 1987; Scott & Tetreault, 1987; Scully, 1990), rape is not the result of psychological deviance or uncontrollable lust. Although rape involves sex, it is not motivated by sexual desire. Authorities agree that rape is an aggressive act used to dominate and show power over another person, be it a man over a woman or one man over another as in prison settings where rape is one way inmates brU1 talize one another and establish a power hierarchy (Rideau & Sinclair, 1982).Instead, mounting evidence suggests that rape is a predictable outcome of views of men, women, and relationships between the sexes that our society inculcates in members (Brownmiller, 1975. Costin & Schwartz, 1987; Scott & Tetreault, 1987; South & Felson, 1990). Particularly compelling support for the cultural basis of rape comes from cross-cultural studies (Gr iffin, 1981. Sanday, 1986), which reveal that rape is extremely rar: in cultures that value women and feminine qualities and that have ideologies that promote harmonious interdependence among humans and between them and the natural world.Rape is most common in countries, like the United States, that have ideologies of male supremacy and dominance and a disrespect of women and nature. Cultural values communicated to us by family schools, media, and other sources constantly encourage us to believe men are superior, men should dominate women, male aggression is acceptable as a means of attaining what is wanted, women are passive and should defer to men, and women are sex objects. In concert these beliefs legitimize violence and aggression agains; women.While the majority of media communication may not be pornographic, it does echo in somewhat muted forms the predominant themes of pornography: sex, violence and male domination of women. As we have seen, thesi same motifs permeate media that are part of our daily lives, which generally portray males as dominating in number, status, authority, and will. Substantial violence toward women punctuates movies, television-including children’s programming-rock music, and music videos desensitizing men and women alike to the unnatural~ ness and unacceptability of force and brutality between human beings.Thus, the research that demonstrates connections between sex-stereotypical media and acceptance of sexual violence is consistent with that showing relationships between more extreme, pornographic media and acceptance of and use of violence. . . . 39 REFERENCES Adams, C. (1991, April). The straight dope. 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